손천택SonCheon-Taik

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate college students’ attitude toward Martial Art. To achieve the suggested research purpose the following three research questions were specifically suggested: What behavioral beliefs do college students have toward Martial Art?; What normative beliefs do college students have toward Martial Art?; What external variables are predominantly influencing college students’ attitudes toward Martial Art? Four college students taking an introductory Martial Art of Taekwondo at University of Massachusetts were selected. Participants volunteered to participate in the research project had no previous experience in Martial Art. Methodologies used to collect data were informal interview, field observation, and phenomenological interview. To understand learning environment, the researcher filled the role of non-participant observer for class observation. Informal interviews were taken with a couple of students to develop interview questions. Phenomenological interviews was adopted to understand participants’ past experience, their present experience in learning Taekwondo and their essential experience with the Taekwondo. On the basis of analyzed qualitative data, the following conclusions were drawn. We have thought that the increasing numbers of college students in western countries are learning oriental Martial Art to experience the myth of Martial Art and to understand mental aspects of it. However, it was proved through this study that American college students are learning Martial Art from functional perspective. That is, they are learning oriental Martial Art to improve physical fitness, to shape their body, and to master self-defense techniques. Additionally, they were pursuing mental aspects of Martial Art as the levels of their Martial Art skills were being improved.

Key Words

phenomenological, towards martial art, taekwondo

김석희KimSeok-Hee

DOI:

Abstract

This study is focused on elite sports, a part of sports culture in the university. As inquiry of practical alternative that is happened by performing of duplicated roles what are as students and athletes throught life sphere of special athletes that it is spoke for as the elite athlete that is attempted to have intentions for enjoy the better life in campus. For the shake of this study, it was make use of various study method participant observation, individual interview, the group interview with the persons concerned, document analysis, and so on. As a result, a burden that is in regard as performing of duplicated parte appeared in the class, training and matching, joint billet, companion relationship, spare time and direction, etc. Even that is given condition of the present, real and structural plan is confirmed as a pressing question that special athletes can do more satisfactory in double part. Actual suggestions of this study are these : separate management and direction system construction of class, offer energy of joint billet life, continuous consideration about event participation in campus, elastic application of athletics’ Web-site, positive concern and guidance of course lead, connection and cooperation with the department of athletics and physical education

Key Words

sports culture, elite sports

이한주LeeHan-J , 장인성JangIn-sung

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine Korean women's participation in the Olympic Games. Research question was; Is there a discriminatory stricture in the men's and women's participation pattern in Olympic Games? The recent Olympic Games including the year of 1988, 1992, 1996, and 2000 were analyzed in terms of number of athletes, coaches, and administrators and compared between men and women. Results of this study indicated that more women have the opportunity to play sports in the recent Games. However, fewer than 10% of the coaching positions of filled by women. This is primarily because of a lack of efforts by Korean Olympic Committee to recruit for those coaching positions. Other plausible explanation (Epstein, 1970) like apprenticeship system, men cantered networking, and sex-typing were discussed.

Key Words

Gender equity, Korean women, Olympic games

장성수ChangSoung-Soo

DOI:

Abstract

This study is to understand according to classified an esthetic cognition and an esthetic experience centering around an aesthetics on sport - phenomenon. To understand an oriental aesthetics, I have a mind to explain divide into the former; an eyesight - beauty, the latter, an experience - beauty. The purpose of this study is to enlarge the meaning and the width of a sport aesthetics. Until now, we have known that the aesthetics of the west have made a center of main current in the aesthetic study related to physical education or sports, since it began. The aesthetic study began by Plato have had a conceptualized by Baumgarten modernly. I have known that this aesthetic cognition of western philosopher put importance to the objective beauty and the transcendental it except only a small number. But, in confirm that sports itself have a meaning of competition, We feel a greate surprised, a hot experienced be not become aware by five sensory organs, in this process, these esthetic experiences accord with a meaning of the oriental aesthetics its This esthetic experience be expressed by many terms except the peak - experience different from an aesthetic cognition "Being strong moments got to the peak by a unification of emotion" extracted from a narrative of Kennth Ravizza’s personal experience must be comprehend by an approach in the oriental aesthetics reasonably, because of an aesthetic experience prior to an its cognition. Therefore, though undesirable what have graspe by a standard of geographical dividings in order to understand of the sports aesthetics, we expect to have a role contribute this study on the physical education greatly, to more enlarge and deer than anything to widen of a domain and a meaning of sports aesthetics when come close by a standard of the oriental aesthetics on these phenomena of sports.

Key Words

On the oriental aesthetics

조쟁규ChoJaeng-Kyu

DOI:

Abstract

This study has examined on the purpose, contents, and method of teaching as well as teacher's roles of physical education which were based on human, knowledge, and physical health and hygiene of Rousseau to discuss the significance of thought that have influenced on physical education through Jean J. Rousseau(1712-1778), forerunner of naturalism. The followings are summed up the significance of his education thought on physical education. 1) Above all, the purpose of physical education completed humanity that is well united under human condition of diverse character and make harmonious, common human with sound judgement. 2) Through physical activity the contents of education shall be gradually cultivated the ability of reason and judgement as the intellectual education by presenting human beauty and moral education in which liberty, order, harmony, courage； patience, refinement, equality, friendship, simplicity, and the experience of freedom are realized. 3) According to the stage of development, the methods of teaching shall be performed in a way for the student himself to be equipped with the ability of judgement what is necessary through sensory organ and physical education and voluntary play. In conclusion, the roles of teacher shall be making effort for the education to be led by the infant according to the hobby and inclination of an individual students or group as the friend and cooperator of the student, but the positive teacher's activity is requested emphasizing positive participation and voluntary activities of student in view of deciding the contents to be studied.

Key Words

thought of education, rousseau

강정호KangJung-Ho

DOI:

Abstract

The study investigated the relationship between high school student's sport participation and their alienation and delinquency. The subjects for this study were 638 high school students(244 athletes and 394 non-athletes), living in Busan. The statistical methods utilized in this study for analyzing the collected data were analysis of covariance, correlation analysis, and standard multiple regression analysis through SPSS 7.5 version for windows. Based on the above research methods and procedures, this study produced the following results. Firstly, High school athletes were higher than non-athletes in the level of normlessness and isolation, and athletes were less than non-athletes in the level of powerlessness and meaninglessness. And High school athletes were higher than non-athletes in the level of public order delinquency, status delinquency, and personal delinquency. Secondly, There were difference in the level of alienation and delinquency according to the type of high school athlete's sport participation and to the year of their sports career. That is, Athletes involved with the team sport were higher than athletes involved with the individual sport in normlessness and seclusion delinquency, they were less than athletes involved with the individual sport in status delinquency. And, The longer the athlete's sports career, the lower the level of their powerlessness, isolation, status delinquency and personal delinquency Thirdly, Alienation of sport participants had influence on delinquency. Specially, the level of isolation of high school athletes effected on public order delinquency, property delinquency, and seclusion delinquency. And their powerlessness effected on status delinquency. Also, Their normlessness effected on personal delinquency.

Key Words

sport participation, alienation, delinquency.

김남진KimNam-Jin , 천영일ChunYoung-Il

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is that the understanding of the correlation between the depression symptoms and the health condition of middle-aged women and the degree of exercises provides basic data to manage their health more efficiently. It is conducted to total 503 persons using SPSSWIN 10.0 from Mar., 21, 2002 to Jun., 8, 2002. The result is following; First, the result is showing that 82.9% of people in research have the normal extent of the symptom, while 15.7% of then are its minor case and 7% of them are serious ones and the average is 42.18. This score is under the scope of the normal case. Second, the relationship between depression symptoms and health condition was analyzed by each factor. The result reports that depression symptoms has the negative correlation with health condition, compared with subjective health condition, degrees of normal life disturbance and the same age group. Also, there is the negative correlation with whole health condition. Third, the symptom of depression according to the degree of exercise was analyzed by the static methods to the following factor; doing exercise or not, exercise frequency and exercise time. Each group which exercises regularly, exercises more 5 days a week and spends more an hour during each time has the less symptom that other groups. Fourth, the symptom of depression according to the degree of exercise was analyzed by the static methods to the following factor; doing exercise or not, exercise frequency and exercise time. Each group which exercises regularly and spends more an hour during each time has the better condition in the whole factors of health. The group which exercises more 5 days a week compared with the same age group, has the better health condition including the whole than other group.

Key Words

depression symptoms, health condition, exercise, middle-aged women

감우성KimWoo-Sung

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to find the relationship between member replacement and team effectiveness in the Korean professional baseball organizations. More specifically, this study was first, to verify the relationship between member replacement in accordance with the playing position and team effectiveness, second, to examine the member replacement rate and team effectiveness, third, to analyze the relationship between the member longevity and team effectiveness of the professional baseball organizations. In order to achieve the aforementioned purposes, the relevant data utilized for this study were obtained from ‘2002 Official Baseball Guide' publisher by the Korean Baseball Organization(KBO). And the subjects were the first division teams and players which were participated in the 1992 season to 2001 season The statistical techniques used for the analysis of this study were t-test and one-way ANOVA. The conclusions of this study were as follows: First, there was statistically significant differences in the relationship between member replacement in accordance with the playing position and team effectiveness. Especially, the member replacement in the central playing position had more effect on the team effectiveness. Second, there was significant differences in the relationship between member replacement rate and team effectiveness. Especially, the low member replacement team was high in the team effectiveness. Third, there was statistically significant differences in the relationship between member longevity and team effectiveness. Especially, the '3 year to 5 year" term member longevity was the most appropriate period for the team effectiveness.

Key Words

mender replacement, team effectiveness

김찬룡KimChan-Ryong , 서병세SuhByung-Se , 유병인YooByung-In

DOI:

Abstract

For examining the factors of sports hero in modern society and analyzing suitability of Guss Hiddink as a sports hero, we enforced with questionnaires of 429 men and women high school students in Busan and analyzed factors based on the gathered data. As a result of analysis, subjects answered 4 factors for becoming a sports hero. Specific result is like the followings. 1) They answered that the most important factors for sports hero is a moral sense, and then the degree of contribution in society, leadership, and differentiation. 2) As a result of analysis on suitability on the basis of a moral sense, a subordinate factor for sports hero, of Guss Hiddink, there is not any meaningful difference between a moral sense which sports hero has to possess and Guss Hiddink’s, statistically. 3) As a result of analysis on suitability on the basis of the degree of contribution in society, a subordinate factor for sports hero, of Guss Hiddink, the degree of contribution in society of Guss Hiddink was shown higher than the general degree of contribution in society for sports hero. 4) As a result of analysis on suitability on the basis of leadership, a subordinate factor for sports hero, of Guss Hiddink, Guss Hiddink’s leadership was shown higher than general sports hero’s. 5) As a result of analysis on suitability on the basis of differentiation, an subordinate factor for sports hero, of Guss Hiddink, the differentiation of Guss Hiddink was shown higher than general sports hero’s.

Key Words

hiddink, sports hero

김홍설KimHong-Seol , 김경식KimKyong-Sik , 김명준KimMyong-Joon

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine closely between the golf participation of married women and household life satisfaction. To get the best result of this study, this was to select a population of married women under the age of 20 as of the current 2002, who they hold a membership in golf drive ranges located at Seoul and Kyung-Ki province. The number of 302 were sampled among the population selected about at the end, and the final number of the population was 216, The satisfaction analysis used in this study for the data analysis is through one-way ANOVA. Based upon the purpose of this study and research method, the final conclusion were warranted as below: Firstly, There is a significant relationship between golf participation period among the married women and the rate of family life satisfaction. In other words, the period of participation has an influence on the variants such as the household financial satisfaction, household mutual satisfaction, household labor satisfaction inter-couple satisfaction and satisfaction of life in general. Secondly, There is a significant relationship between golf participation strength the married women and the rate of family life satisfaction. In other words, the period of participation has an influence on the variants such as the household mutual satisfaction and satisfaction of life in general. Thirdly, There is a significant relationship between golf participation frequency among the married women and the rate of family life satisfaction. In other words, the period of participation has an influence on the variants such as the household mutual satisfaction, and inter-couple satisfaction. Lastly, There is a significant relationship between golf skill level among the married women and the rate of family life satisfaction In other words, the period of participation has an influence on the variants such as the household financial satisfaction, household mutual satisfaction, household labor satisfaction inter-couple satisfaction and satisfaction of life in general.

Key Words

household life satisfaction

유규종YuKyu-Jong

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of study was started to define the relation between the satisfaction for participation of the organizational sports event and the organizational commitment. 5 enterprises for the target of this study were chosen which had experienced organization events and 800 people’s samples were collected but only 752 people’s samples were used in actual analysis. The written inquires for this study were used after inspecting of confidence and propriety through a prior inspection With the collected data, multiple regression analysis methods were used to know that the satisfaction for participation of the organization event have influence on the organizational commitment. The specific results are as follows; First in the relation between the satisfaction for the participation of the organizational sports event and the attachment to or the pride of the organization, a subordinate factors of the participation of the event have turned out to be positively influential in the attachment to and the pride of the organization in individual achievement social recognition and public benefit contribution order. Second, in the relation between the satisfaction for the participation of the organizational sports event and the effort for the organization or the intention of action, they have turned out to be influential in individual achievement, social recognition order, but, public benefit contribution has turned out to be influential in action for the organization and the intention of effort.

Key Words

event, sport, satisfaction participation commitment

윤종국YunJong-Kook

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between participation patterns in sport for all and the formation of social attitude and through this to grasp the task as to desirable community establishment. The subjects of this study were adult participators in sport for all living in Chunan city as of 2001, and among total 700 copies sampled using cluster random sampling 631 copies were finally used for data analysis. Schematized questionnaires based on self-administration method were employed for the research instrument, and statistic techniques to analyze the collected data were frequence analysis, one-way ANOVA analysis, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis. Results are as follows. First, there was difference in social attitude according to sociodemographic characteristics. That is, sex in social integration attitude and socialization attitude, the level of education in social integration attitude, socialization attitude, social sentiment attitude and social control attitude, and the level of income in social integration attitude, socialization attitude and social control attitude showed significant difference. Second, participation patterns in sport for all had an effect on the formation of social attitude. That is, neighbors and sport for all participation, colleagues and sport for all participation influenced social integration attitude, socialization attitude, social sentiment attitude and social control attitude, and sport for all club participation affected social Integration attitude, socialization attitude, social control attitude.

Key Words

social attitude

이옥진LeeOk-Jin

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to test the tenets of skill learning in terms of the dynamic pattern theory, According to the dynamic perspective, skill learning is the processes of pattern formation, changing from the existing coordination patterns to the required ones. This study was to investigate coordination patterns between right and left legs in bowling as a function of skill level. Throwing movements of three national-level elite bowlers and four novice bowlers were cinematographically analyzed using high-speed camera and motion analyzer. Both angle-angle plots and correlation coefficients among angular changes in joints of right and left legs(hip, knee, and ankle joint) were defined as operational measures of coordination patterns between legs. Angle-angle plots were qualitatively analyzed, whereas correlation coefficients were subjected to a quantitative analysis. Results of analyses revealed that the unskilled bowlers coordinated right and left legs in symmetrical coordination patterns as in gait, as contrasted to the skilled bowlers’ ones. This result was interpreted that the same coordination patterns between legs as in gait were used as the spontaneous coordination tendencies(intrinsic dynamics) for bowling movement. In conclusion, these results were interpreted to be indicative of the facts that the process of skill learning can be accounted for in terms of pattern formation. For acquiring a unique pattern of coordination required of a specific task under consideration, a new pattern of coordination must compete with the intrinsic dynamics.

Key Words

learning, coordination, bowling, skill level

이옥진LeeOk-Jin , 김기웅KimKee-Woong

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to test the tenets of skill learning in terms of the dynamic pattern theory. According to the dynamic perspective, skill learning is the processes of pattern formation, changing from the existing coordination patterns to the required ones. This study was to investigate coordination patterns between arm and leg as a function of skill level. Throwing movements of three national-level elite bowlers and four novice bowlers were cinematographically analyzed using high-speed camera and motion analyzer. Both angle-angel plots and correlation coefficients among angular changes in joints of right arm(shoulder joint) and right leg(hip and knee joint) were defined as operational measured of coordination patterns between arm and leg. Angle-angle plots were qualitatively analyzed, whereas correlation coefficients were subjected to a quantitative analysis. Results of analyses revealed that; 1) the unskilled bowlers used anti-phase coordination of ipsilateral inter-limb as in gait, while the skilled bowlers performed in-phase coordination of ipsilateral inter-limb at the push-away phase. This result was interpreted that the same coordination patterns between arm and leg as in gait were used as the intrinsic dynamics for bowling movement. 2) the unskilled bowlers moved limbs in sequential order, while the skilled bowlers moved arm and legs simultaneously at the forward swing phase. This result was interpreted to support the Bernsteinian idea regarding the mastery of redundant degrees of freedom in the acquisition of movement skill. In conclusion, these results were interpreted to be indicative of the facts that the process of skill learning can be accounted for in terms of pattern formation.

Key Words

learning, coordination, bowling, skill level

장인성JangIn-Sung

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the Bernstein`s concept which the functional degree of freedom would be increased as a function of motor skill learning. The golf swing movement was chosen as a task because the movement skill include some open skill and closed skill characteristics. Also, the swing is a type of movement pattern that explained spatio-temporal features easily. The concept means the kinematics variables of well trained athletes would be relatively stable and consistent, but not the novice group. In this study, 4 angular kinematics variable were selected by experimenter. Those angles are influenced for good perform, especially long distance swing. The angles were, the tilt of shoulder at address, the club angle with arm at the end of back swing the club angle with arm at impact, and the tilt of shoulder at impact. The results of this study were as the following: 1. between group I (pro golfers) and group Ⅱ (amateur) golfer were not significantly different among 4variables. T value of 4 angles are t__1 = 0.4, t_2 = 1.5, t_3 = 0.98, t_4 = 0.98. 2. between group Ⅱ(amateur golfers) are group Ⅲ (novice) were significantly different at all 4 angles(a level = P＜0.01, t_1 = 3.28, t_2 = 2.9, t_3 = 2.42, t_4 = 4.9)/

Key Words

limb kinematics, golf swing

이정우LeeJung-Woo

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze stress factors of high school students participating in physical education classes and provide plans to reduce their stress by examining differences in the level of stress by the type of school, dwelling area, grade, and gender. Three questionnaires were administered to male and female high school students living in Kyong Nam Province. In the first questionnaire, 565 students out of 10 schools participated as subjects. In the second and third questionnaires, 1,137 students out of 20 schools and 597 students out of 10 schools participated as subjects respectively. Results of the questionnaire were analyzed by factor analysis and ANOVA. Results of the analyses were as the following: 1. From the original 96 question, 30 were identified as valid items, and classified into six stress factors. The levels of stress on the six factors were found to be in the order of the burden of examination, the lack of self-confidence, the content of class, facility and environmental conditions, complaints about teachers, and conflicts between friends. 2. The level of stress students felt in physical education classes was shown to differ by the type of school, dwelling area, and gender. In terms of the difference between the type of school, vocational high school students were found to feel more stress than academic high school students in every stress factor except the burden of examination, In terms of the dwelling area, students living in urban area were shown to feel more stress than those in rural area in every stress factor except the conflicts between friends. With regard to the difference between gender, female students were found to feel more stress than male students in every stress factor except the facility and environmental conditions. 3. Responses of students to the expected contribution of each stress factor to the reduction in stress were different from their responses to those factors as the cause of stress. The expected levels of reduction in stress by each factor were shown to be in the order of facility and environmental conditions, complaints about teachers, the burden of examination, conflicts between friends, the lack of self-confidence, and the content of class. The expected level of each factor for the reduction of stress was found to differ by the type of school, dwelling area, grade, and gender.

Key Words

stress factors

이종철LeeJong-Chul , 조홍식ChoHong-Sik

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to clarify the secondary physical education teachers capital concerns relation of lesson and analyze what their multiple-effort for practical on to solve it. To achieve the purpose of the study, it was interviewed with 8 secondary physical education tethers in Kyonggi-do to get more profound understanding. Further, different data were collected by the concerned literature to conduct qualitative case study. The data collected was classified into transcription, symbolization, category and subject. The appropriateness and reliability of the study were examined by means of multi-angle approach, specialist meeting and review by the participants, so that it was attempted to enhance the ethic of the study. As a result of the analysis, for lesson concerns were sub-classified into teaching method, lesson system and selection of the contents, study safety, lesson environment study evaluation, target establishment and control and management of students.

Key Words

capital concerns of lesson in relation

김장환KimJang-Hwan , 남운모NamUn-Mo , 박진기ParkJin-Kee , 김성익KimSung-Ik

DOI:

Abstract

This research constructs a previous hypothetical model teed on interpersonal and task interaction between instructors and customers which focus on service quality perception customer satisfaction, repurchasing intention. The analysis of the materials was conducted by computers according to the objectives of the analysis of the materials by using the programs of SPSS/PC+10.0 and LISREL 8.30 after inputing the materials separately which could be analyzed excluding the materials of the collected questionaires judged to be insufficient or unbelievable. The method of the statistical analysis used in this study to analyze the materials is covariance structure analysis. The results of the test of the fitness of the structure model and the hypothesis according to these methods of the study and the analysis of the materials are as follows. The test of the fitness of the structure model has shown that the model is fit for the materials, and the test of the hypothesis has produced the following conclusions. 1. The task and the interpersonal interaction have been found to influence the members' perceptions of service quality and customer satisfaction noticeably. 2. The members' perceptions of service quality has been found not to influence the will to repurchasing intention consumption directly but to influence indirectly through the customer satisfaction. 3. The customer satisfaction has been found to influence the will to repurchasing intention noticeably. The results of the hypothesis have shown that the managers of the golf practice fields must concentrate on the task and interpersonal interaction in terms of service encounter to promote the will of the customers to revisit. The managers also must make the instructor provide the best service by dividing the business among them properly and the instructor must satisfy the members by polishing their skills. This shows that the task and interpersonal interaction are very important.

Key Words

members’ re-perchase

박진기ParkJin-Kee

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine what kind of environmental characteristics in bowling center would have an influence on service quality evaluation, customer satisfaction and purchase intention, including, providing information to others by word of mouth and making inquiry into dub opening. For data analysis, covariance structure analysis was employed As a result of analyzing the collected data, it's found that general service quality was rated better when the users had a more positive opinion on the bowling center environmental characteristics. When they evaluated general service quality better, their general satisfaction increased, and a higher customer satisfaction led to a higher repurchase intention and word-of-mouth marketing intention. Therefore, it will pave the way for more successful customer-relationship marketing if bowling center environment is created and maintained in such a way to improve service quality perceived by customers and their satisfaction.

Key Words

service quality, customer satisfaction, purchase intention

강효민KangHyo-Min

DOI:

Abstract

This paper explores the relationship between sense of community to school, social adjustment and club activity as leisure. From questionnaire data on convenience sample of participant(N=599) and no(N=287). The finding from the reduced analysis of covariance, multiple classification analysis and multiple regression analysis suggest that the correlate of the relative relationship between sense of community to school, social adjustment from their leisure activity in school. Results indicated that the meaning significant found the social adjustment and sense of community and activity type and participants or no of club activity as leisure in high school. For the social adjustment and sense of community to school are partially different by the socio-demographic characteristics of high school students. For the social adjustment and sense of community to school is partially different by the type of club activity as leisure. For the social adjustment along with club activity as leisure is partially influence on sense of community to school.

Key Words

sense of community, school social adjustment, club activity, leisure

이승철LeeSeung-Chul

DOI:

Abstract

Recreation specialization is an important construct in prediction sport customer’s behaviors and attitudes. This study was to identify the nature of specialization and to investigate the effects on recreation specialization on sports center consumers' sports center attitude and purchasing behavior. Data were collected from consumer selected sports centers in 2000 in Seoul areas. This study utilized a purposive sampling technique. 463 yielding completed and usable questionnaires. The questionnaire for this study was adapted from instruments initially developed by other researchers. The respondents rated each of the items using a five point Likert scale where 5 = strongly agree and 1 = strongly disagree. The internal consistency of the scales were .9240 as measured by Cronbach's Alpha. Those were found adequate to satisfactory level of internal consistency. The specific results are to below. Using regression analysis, the study found that recreation specialization effect on negative sports center attitudes and purchasing behavior. Therefore, Managers in sport center need to provide opportunities for positive leisure experience, for example marketing mix such as promotion, price, program, and place according to levels and types of specialization.

Key Words

Purchasing behavior, recreation specialization

최원오ChoiWon-Oh

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between leisure sport activity and leisure satisfaction, self-actualization. Specially, the main purpose of this study was to test the difference of the leisure satisfaction, self-actualization according to the experience of leisure sport, the casual relationship between leisure sport activity and self-actualization of the employee. Subjects of this study are selected 480 participants by cluster random sanding; leisure sport participants 136, non-leisure sport participants 194, non-participants 150. Statistics employed in this study were factor analysis, reliability analysis, regression analysis and path analysis. Based on the procedures and results, the following conclusions were warranted : First, the experience of participation in leisure sport have difference in leisure satisfaction and self-actualization. Second, the degree of participation in leisure sport has influences on leisure satisfaction and self-actualization. Third. Participation in leisure sport increases the feeling of the self-actualization. That is, participation in leisure sport have an indirect effects by increasing leisure satisfaction mediating self-actualization.

Key Words

leisure satisfaction, self-actualization

김학신KimHak-Shin , 이덕성LeeDuck-Sung

DOI:

Abstract

This study was intended to investigate the effect of the communication factor on the website attitude formation and purchase intention of consumers using the shopping mall website dealing in sporting goods. As a result, the following suggestion was made: First, it was found that there was a significant relationship between the communication factor of the shopping mall website and consumers' website attitude formation. Second, it was found that there was a significant relationship between the communication factor and consumers' purchase intention. Third, it was found that there was a significant correlation between the communication factor and customer satisfaction. Consequently, the shopping mall website of the sports-related firms should provide for the marketing alternative of mutual unity revolving around consumer. Especially, they should concentrate their core capability on establishing the diversely segmented communication marketing strategy that can meet needs and want which consumers in the target market want.

Key Words

sporting-goods shopping mall website on consumers’ behavior

박진형ParkJin-Hyung

DOI:

Abstract

Key Words

Organizational structure and context

장진ChangJin , 장경로ChangKyung-Ro

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to assess the perceptions of stadium physical environments among groups of different fan identification. Stadium physical environments factors evaluated in this study were accessibility, aesthetics, scoreboard, comfort seating, layout accessibility, space allocation, and signage. Sport fans were divided into three groups(low-, medium-, high-fanID) based on their level of fan identification. Results showed that sport fans who had different level of fan identification perceive the stadium physical environments differently. That is, highly identified fans perceived the stadium physical environments more positively compare to low- and medium identified fans. In addition, results also showed that female fans showed more negative response to stadium physical environments compare to male fans, It was expected that the results of this study can provide a meaningful information to sport marketers regarding retaining highly identified fans and switching low- and medium identified fans to highly identified fans.

Key Words

fan identification, stadium physical environment

김효분KimHyo-Bun

DOI:

Abstract

Acording to the record of a famous history book like ＜SAMKUKSAGI＞, the long history of Shilla Dynasty can be divided into three peroids. This study has the purpose to identify the developing processes of Shilla dances in the first period untill the foundation(651) of a special government office named "UMSUNGSEO". which has to supervise and develop the music policy of royal palace. The music of that time had a wide meaning inclouding dance, music instrumental performence, theater and singing, therefore called a ballad dance. The first king of Shilla Dynasty was born from a big blue egg which was dropped from the heaven by the God who loved the people of old Shilla town who had not yet a king. He was a mythical person and could be supposed to develop the old forms of Shilla dances. The second king was a shaman king and founded the shrine for his farther and founder of Shilla Dynasty as well. His sister was in charge of the shrine for the founder. That time, shaman dances of royal family could be supposed to be developed. The third king made a very important ballad dance named DOSOLGA in 28 in order to develop the country economically and to enlarge the royal political power and to receive the obeidence from his people. In the 9th year on the throne took place a famous national holiday event named GABAE on 15th day of August in which all the participants could eat and drink very well and show off a variety of musical performences. This national party could be supposed to be a origin of the modern fool moon festival in August. The Buddhism was imported officially in 528 in the time of 23rd king and influenced the development of Buddhistic dances and fusion of typical Shilla shamanism and Buddhism. And the famous national festival named PALKWANHOE, a multicultural form of shamanism and Buddhism took place in 551 in the time of 24th king and became also the most popular national festival in the Dyansty of Koryo. The royal dancer, musician and instrumental player was licensed for the first time in the history in 552. And the last of the developing processes of Shilla ballad dance was a foundation of a special government office named UMSUNGSEO. With the foundation of a music administrativing office could be developed and controlled the policy of royal family for the people and themselves as well, and also the ballad dance itself.

Key Words

shilla dances

오승지OhSeung-Ji

DOI:

Abstract

On this dissertation, value recognition of Cheoyong’s beauty and it's historical meaning such as Korean traits and changeableness are focused through characteristic propensity analysis. Instead of historical documents, which have the limitation of quantity and the difficulties of interpretation, Documents of Preceding research were analyzed mainly. An attempt was made to investigate the aesthetic element of Cheoyong by dividing it into such category as the beauty of indentity, the beauty of form the beauty of flow and the beauty of posture. As a result, the following results were obtained: 1. Pursuit for the beauty of identity through the harmonization of dance, music and shamanic costume → The effect of rise in artistic value. 2. Pursuit for the beauty of space and the beauty of identity diverse forms of composition 3. The stream of progress through the formal beauty of introduction, development, turn and conclusion → Highlight of the stable beauty of stream 4. Emphasis on the movement of the upper body with the lower body on the lower body and pursuit for the expression of magnificence and grandeur → Inclusion of the meaning of evil dispelling and remarkable scenery, Harmonization of the images of the strong and the soft through the beauty of balance and stability

Key Words

cheoyong dance

홍미성HongMi-Sung

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to examine the characteristic of dance performance in the opening events in Korea/Japan World Cup 2002. To obtain this purpose, this researcher analyzed documentary records and video tape on the opening events by the content analysis method and encoded the documents. As a result of this study, the following conclusions are reached. 1. The contents about 'harmony' are included in the program of all host cities, the contents about 'welcome' and 'participating nations' in the program of 8 host cities and the contents about 'World Cup or soccer' in the program of 6 host cities. 2. Flag are used in 8 host cities, large-sized cloth and firecracker in 7 host cities and large-sized balloon in 6 host cities. 3. The dance take up 49% in the respect of the number of performer and 64% in the respect of the time. 4. Korean dance are performed in 5 host cities and contemporary dance in 3 host cities. In 2 host cities are performed korean dance and contemporary dance. 5. The percentage of independent choreography is 70% and the percentage of joint choreography is 30%. The 40% of choreographer are professor and the 22.5% part-time lecturer at university.

Key Words

korea/japan world cup 2002 opening events, contents of opening events

강형숙KangHyung-Sook

DOI:

Abstract

This study was conducted with the total 28 national male and female gymnasts to evaluate physical activity level, iron nutritional status, to analysis hematological status. From the data the study was to analysis the players iron nutrition and to suggest prescrip scientific nutrition for the increase the ability. The average daily energy intake was 2,182.7±367.13 ㎉ for the male players, 1,417.9±305.45 ㎉ for the female players and was 86%, 68% of Korean Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA). The rate of the 3 major nutrition (C : F : P) was 52 : 33：15%, 55 : 27 : 13%. It showed that low carbohydrate and high fat intake rate. Also the female players was taking less than 50% of iron intake rate and intake less nutritions compare with the daily suggestion except vitamin C. The rate for the intake animal and vegetable iron of the male and female players is 37 : 63, 34 : 66 which showed higher vegetable iron intake rate. From hematological status showed female players had low Hb,. RBC, WBC, Hct than male players (p<.001). The relationship for the hematologic anemia shows both players had positive relationship (p<.01) of Hb level and hematocrit of RBC and between Hb and hematocrit. However, female players show negative relationship between TIBC(total iron binding capacity) (p<.05). Therefore, the study suggest will guide basic data for standard iron intake allowance for the each players of the national team to improve the athletic performance, To prevent anemia for the players there will be scheduled check up and find out the correct standard blood iron study.

Key Words

iron nutritional status and serum iron parameter

권유찬KwonYoo-Chan , 윤미숙YounMi-Suk , 박상갑ParkSang-Kab

DOI:

Abstract

The effects of exercise on immune function unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of lymphocyte proliferation, NK cell and TNF-a concentration after 16weeks combined training. Subjects were composed of fourteen obese middle-school students. The training program was separated treadmill running and muscular resistance training. The treadmill running was composed of 60%HRmax, 30 minutes per day, 4 days per week. The muscular resistance training was composed of 60% of 1RM, 40 minutes per day, 4 days per week, 2-way repeated ANOVA was used to evaluate the difference among group and pre and post 16 weeks. The 0.05 level of significance was as critical level for the study. The body weight and %body fat were significantly decreased. And lean body mass and VO₂max(㎖/㎏/min)was significantly increased after combined training. Also, lymphocyte proliferation and NK-cell were significantly increased after combined training. Both of TNF-α and IL-6 concentration were decreased. And insulin concentration were decreased after combined training. In conclusion, combined training was shown to positive influence on body composition, lymphocyte proliferation and NK cell. In particularly, decreased TNF-α and IL-6 concentration was affect insulin concentration. Therefore, it is maybe thought that combined training was important role for obesity treatment.

Key Words

combined training lymphocyte, TNF-a concentration

김홍수KimHong-Soo , 김기진KimKi-Jin

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibilities of improving endurance exercise capacity in low temperature through the supplementation of branched-chain amino acid(BCAA) by analyzing the effect of BCAA supplementation on physiological responses during submaximal prolonged exercise between thermoneutral and low temperature. Six male high school long-distance runners participated in the experiment as subjects and were exposed to thermoneytral(22±1℃) and low temperature (5±1℃) conditions with relative humidity of 60±5% for 60 min. Each subject performed 90 min, endurance exercise on the fixed cycle ergometer at 60%VO₂max in two treatment conditions, with the supplementation placebo and BCAA. In the BCAA condition, the subject was supplemented with 200㎖ of BCAA solution prepared by dissolving 200㎎/㎏ in weight of BCAA in 400㎖ of pure water at both 45 min. and 15 min. prior. to exercise. In the placebo condition, placebo(water) was used instead of BCAA in preparing the oral supplement. During the experiment, physiological variables relation to endurance capacity were measured. Although rectal temperature was high in the thermoneutral condition than the low temperature, the differed between BCAA and placebo conditions was not significant. In terms of test session, it decreased after the BCAA supplementation but increased with the exercise. It remained higher than prior to BCAA supplementation at 30 min. after the end of exercise. Heart rate was higher in the thermoneutral condition than the low temperature, but the difference between BCAA and placebo conditions was not significant. It increased with exercise in both temperature conditions, and in the thermoneutral condition it remained higher than prior to BCAA supplementation at 30 min. after the end of exercise. Blood lactate concentration was not affected by treatment. In the thermoneutral condition it increased from the exercise onset for 30 min, and decreased from 90 min. exercise. In the low temperature, however, it increased at 30 min exercise compared to that prior to supplementation and remained in the steady state after that period. While plasma ammonia concentration was not different between temperature conditions, it was higher in the BCAA condition than placebo. In the BCAA condition, it increased during the exercise. In the placebo condition, however, it increased during the exercise but decreased to the level at 30 min exercise at 30 min. after the end of exercise. Taken together, although the environmental temperature affect to the endurance capacity during submaximal prolonged exercise, BCAA supplementation during prolonged exercise in low temperature does not seem to have the possibility of improving endurance exercise capacity and metabolism

Key Words

BCAA, low temperature, rectal temperature, blood lactate concentration plasma ammonia concentration

배윤정BaeYoon-Jung

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of endurance exercise on ultrastructural changes of gastrocnemius muscle for long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in mice. The mice with weight of 25-30g were used for the study. The mice were divide into two groups as LCAD deficiency and non-LCAD deficiency. Those two groups also were subdevided into three groups such as non-exercise, high intensity exercise and endurance exercise for each. High intensity exercise composed on five stages(six minute for each stage) and increased speed and grade for each stage. Endurance exercise calculated vertical factor and horizontal factors use for mice weight. The ultrastructure changes were analyze by Electromicroscope. The results of this study were as follows; The LCAD deficiency group had more stronger muscle damage as shown in individual breaking in each sarcomere breakage than the normal group. In addition mitochondria showed swelled in the photography, mitochondria cristae was extended. The muscle structure of LCAD deficiency group muscle structure showed severe mitochondrial change due to endurance exercise compare to the normal group. The muscle structure of LCAD deficiency group showed mitochondria extended more swelling than the normal mouse and cirstae and matrix also changed. Locally, dual membrane was damaged. In this case, the hypothesis was a fatty acid oxidation disorder. It found that fatty acid oxidation disorder impacted structural damages in muscle structure and mitochondria change on after acute exercise. According to muscle damage be able to disease. Consequently, the study need to as follow : patients who have a fatty acid oxidation disorder, need to take on more efficient exercise intensity and time then recovery time.

Key Words

LCAD, mitochondria, endurance exercise, electromicroscope, ultrastructure, changes

안용덕AnYong-Duk

DOI:

Abstract

This study examines the changes of Physical Fitness and body fat between the group having aquatic exercise and weight training for 12 weeks with the patients of chronic lumbago and the group having aquatic water exercise and selected 46 men between 36 and 50 years old, residing in G Metropolitan Qty. The subjects of this study were diagnosed as having lumbago by general hospitals and hoped to have a test at physical test room of C University Hospital, As a result of dividing exercise types into combination type of aquatic exercise and weight training and aquatic exercise type and making them select a type after explaining each exercise program, the following conclusions are obtained. 1. According to agility and flexibility in the changes of physical strength, both AWG and AG groups showed a significant difference and according to muscular strength, muscular endurance and power, AWG group showed statistically significant different, but AG group showed no significant difference. 2. According to the change of body fat, AWG group showed a significant change, but AG group showed no significant change.

Key Words

aquatic exercise, weight training, low back pain, scliosis, atrophy

우진희WooJin-Hee , 곽이섭KwakYi-Sub

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic training on lipid peroxidation and the change of macrophage proliferation using SHR. To examine the differences among heart rates, blood pressures, cholesterol component, MDA and macrophage activity levels used normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats as a control. Thirty male rats(six weeks old) were divided into three groups: ten WKY control (WC), ten SHR control (HC), and ten SHR trained (HT). For the HC group, the level of LDL-c ratio, MDA, and macrophage leves were higher than that of WC, and so we can expect that tissue damage caused by toxic free radical affects macrophage proliferation and blood pressure. We can conclude that regular aerobic training decreases cardiovascular stress caused by stabled immune system. Therefore, we can tract it is the effect of aerobic training in SHR.

Key Words

lipid peroxidation, macrophage proliferation, free radical, blood pressure, aerobic training

윤형권YoonHyung-Kwon , 이철원LeeCheol-Won , 김정수KimJeong-Sul , 이명수LeeMyeong-Soo

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine and compare two cases, in treating obesity by exercise therapy and herbal medicine; first, treating and improving obesity-related side-symptoms and taking the prescribed medicine at the same time； second, taking prescribed medicine only. So the treating effects and results were clinically examined. Study examinees were 20 female obesity patients who came to D herbal-medical obesity-clinic located at Kongju City, Chungcheongnam-do; 10 out of them entered A group who would take prescribed medicine together with the treatment for obesity-related side-symptorns, and the rest of them entered B group who would take the prescribed medicine only. The experimental period was 6 weeks, and the differences of treatments were observed before and after conducting the medical experiment. Both A and B groups took both the herbal medicine, exercise therapy, and mat-exercise treatment. A group took the treatment for obesity-related side-symptoms such as edema, keen appetite(overeating), menstruation disorder, constipation together with the medicine prescribed to reduce body-weight. B group took mat exercise and herbal medicine that means weight-loss only. The exercise therapy was conducted as follows; treadmill exercise was conducted, VO₂max and HRmax were measured; treadmill exercise(walking) was conducted 4 times a week, 30-40 minutes for one time, and the intensity of exercise was 50-60% of HRmax. And die experiment was conducted for 6 weeks. The measured physiologjcal, medical variables were body weight, body fat rate, abdomen fat rate, body fat quantity, musde quantity, VO₂max, and Hrmax. The study results obtained after 6 weeks’ experiment are as follows; body fat rate, abdomen fat rate, body fat quantity, body weight, VO₂max, and Hrmax of A group showed significant differences before and after conducting the treatment experiment(p<.05), whereas B group showed a significant difference of abdomen fat rate only(p<,01). And muscle quantities of A and B groups didn't show any significant differences. These study proved that the treatment effects were biggest when obesity-related side-symptoms were treated with mat exercise and herbal medicine, and the treatment of weight-loss was kept pace with at the same time. In conclusion, obesity treatment should consider not only weight-loss but also knowing all round, basic causes of obesity, taking herbal medical care for obesity-related side-symptoms. The above way would not only give practical effects for obesity treatment but also make patients participate in obesity-treatment programs and have confidence in successful obesity-cure.

Key Words

herbal medicine, obesity-relatekeen appetite, menstruation disordermuscle quantity, VO₂max, HRmax

원종세WooJong-Se

DOI:

Abstract

Performance in marathon running is influenced by a variety of factors, most of which were of the climate conditions that the factors such as ambient temperature, relative humidity, discomfort index induced from dry and wet bulb temperature, and wind resistance can affect running performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of the climate factors and the superior marathoners' (total number of 52 in champion/semi-champion) in the Dang-A and Cho-II Marathon Races in Korea. The study examined correlation coefficient and its significant level, regression equation and standard error of estimate among the climate factors and the superior marathoners’ records. The results were as follows: Comparison of the mean value of the superior marathoner’s records in Dong-A Marathon Race was higher than that of Cho-II Marathon Race runners. The correlation coefficient between ambient temperature in the marathon, race and the superior marathoner’s records was r = +0.579 (p＜0.01), the induction from it, the obtained the following regresstion equation was Y = 9.075 + 0.371X (Y is expected runner’s record＜added 2 hrs>, and X is ambient temperature ℃), and standard error of estimate was ±2.29, respectively. It was not relationship between the relative humidity in race and the records of superior marathoner’s. However, it was found related in lower level of correlation confident between wind velocity and the records of runner’s (r = -0.281, p<0.05). The coefficient of correlation between discomfort index induced from dry and wet bulb temperature in the marathon race and runner's records high significant as r = +0,622(p<0.01) and its induced regression equation was shown as the following: Y = 0.293X - 2.697(Y is expected race record < added 2 hrs >, and X is discomfort index), and standard error of estimate was ±2.19, respectively. Finally, it is hope that these information could be use for reference in further study for the field of the sports science.

Key Words

ambient temperature, relative humidity

위승두WeeSeung-Doo , 서영환SeoYoung-Hwan

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to invstigate whether kinesio tape therapy is able to improve muscle strenght, muscle power, muscle endurance from isokinetic test with CYBEX and of muscle fatigue as estimated from surface electromyographic (EMG) data taken from quadriceps muscles(M vastus medialis, M vastus lateralis). The subjects in this study were 10 male sport man who performed maximum isokinetic tests of the knee in concentric and eccentric (respectively 3 repeat at 60。/sec, 26 repeat at 180。/sec. modes). The frequency components of the surface EMG power spectrum were analyzed using median frequency[MP]. An alpha level of .05 was used as the criteria for significance. The summary of the comparison result of taped and not taped muscles using CYBEX and EMG is below. 1. At 60。/sec there were significant differences in values of peak torque, peak torque per body weight(㎏) and angle at peak porque both for flexion and extension 2. At 180。/sec there were significant difference in values of average time, average time per body weight(㎏) and accel time both for flexion and extension 3. At 180。/sec there were no significant difference in values of endurance ration and total work both for flexion and extension. 4. There were no significant difference in mean values of muscle fatigue ration of vastus medialis, vastus lateralis both for flexion and extension at 180。/sec. The results permit the conclusion that applying kinesio tape therapy on thigh muscle may improve the muscle strength and muscle power but have little effect to enhance endurance. Therefore it will increase muscle functions of player ability in may sports

Key Words

isokinetic function, thigh muscle

이철호LeeCheol-Ho

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine of criteria for physical fitness as well as coronary artery disease risk factors and compare with 20 to 39 years old industrial workers and regular exercise participation officials of Korean. The subjects of this study were consisted of 2,893 male(20s: 764, 30s: 2,129) which include 213 industrial workers(20s: 89, 30s: 124) and 272(20s: 173, 30s: 99) regular exercise participation officials who checked medical examination and physical fitness test at N Fitness Center. The results were summarized as follows; 1. Criteria of coronary artery disease risk factors and fitness in 20's were showed as SBP 119.97±13.05㎜Hg, DBP 74.32±10.34㎜Hg, height 172.69土8.90㎝ body weight 70,99±14.36㎏ BMl 23.64±3.60kg/㎡ and VO_2max 48.13±6.37㎖/kg /min, push-up 29.86±13,01, sit-up 35.71±10,26, sargent jump 53,11±10,67cm, sit & reach 12.23±9.19㎝, side step 36.90±6.00, grip strength 50.50±7.63kg respectively. 2. Criteria of coronary artery disease risk factors and fitness in were showed as SBP 121,83±13.04㎜Hg DBP 77.97±9.88㎜Hg, height 170.72±8.26㎝ body weight 70,79±10.11kg, BMI 24.24±3.01kg/㎡ and VO_2max 48.13±637㎡/kg/min push-up 29.86±13.01, sit-up 35,71±10.26, sargent jump 53.11±10.67㎝, sit & reach 12.23±9.19㎝, side step 36.90±6.00, grip strength 50.50±7.63kg respectively. 3. BMI of each group were in normal range level and officials were significantly{p<.05) lower than industrial workers in 20's but industrial workers were significantly(p<.05) lower than officials in Ms. 4. SBP and DBPof each group were in normal range level and industrial workers were significantly(p<.05) higher than officials in 20’s but no significantly difference in 30’s. 5. VO_2max and grip strength of 30’s officials were significantly(p<.05) higher than industrial workers but no significantly differences in 20’s 6. No significantly differences in sit & reach and sargent jump between groups of each age. 7.Push-up, sit-up, side step of officials in each age were significantly(p<.05) higher than industrial workers. These results indicate that regular exercise increases physical fitness and decrease risk factors of coronary artery disease even if sedentary. Industrials need physical fitness improvement for health and prevention of absence from work.

Key Words

coronary artery disease risk factors, physical fitness, BMI, VO₂max

장용수ChangYong-Soo , 강호율KangHo-Youl

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of two different exercise volume (HVE; High-Volume resistance Exercise, 10-RM/6set. LVE; Low-Volume resistance Exercise, 10-RM/3set:) on several hormones. Nine healthy men (Age; 25.3±0.2 years, Hight; 175±1.1 cm, Weight; 67,4±1.5 kg) volunteered to participate in this study. Pre-and postexercise (0, 15, 30, 60fnin, 24h) blood samples were obtained and analyzed for glucose, lactate, creatine kinase, growth hormone, testosterone, cortisol. Post exercise values for glucose and lactate were significantly (p<.05) elevated above preexercise value for both treatment, and significantly higher in LVE ton HVE Significant increases in creatin kinase activities were observed after 24h postexercise for both treatment, and significantly higher in HVE than LVE. Plasma growth hormone level was significantly increased after exercise for both treatment, and significantly greater in LVE than HVE. Plasma cortisol level was increased after HVE at the immediate postexercise time point, and significantly greater in HVE than LVE at 30min postexercise. No significant changes in plasma testosterone level were observed with two treatment Thus, These data indicate that exercise volume is a more important component of hGH, cortisol release than the exercise intensity.

Key Words

resistance exercise, exercise volume, growth hormone, testosterone, cortisol

서영환SeoYoung-Hwan

DOI:

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of exercise training on nitric oxide tone in spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR). Male SHR were divided into control and training groups, respectively. The training groups received moderate exercise by running on a treadmill(2Dm/min) for 45 min/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. At the end of the training, SHR were anesthetized with urethane and catheters were inserted into the left femoral arteries and veins for measurment of mean arterial pressure(MAP) and heart rates(HR) and the administration of _L-NNA. There were no differences in the resting MAP and HR between the groups. The administration of _L-NNA produced increases in the MAP of both groups. The _L-NNA-induced hypertension was most marked in the training group. After the hypertensive effect of _L-NNA was stabilized, the administration of _L-arginine produced a slow and sustained fall in MAP until the resting values in both group. We conclude that exercise training in SHR increases formation of NO.

Key Words

Nitric oxide tone

류재청RyuChe-Cheong , 이계산LeeGye-San

DOI:

Abstract

Arithmetic, choice-reaction & task tracing test were performed for the Quantitative Analysis of Factors influencing to Performance Capability in Underwater Work Situation. For this repeated experiment was done for 60min. in depth Orn & 40m with 3 male subjects. Independent variable designed was consist of depth, bottom time & tamperature and dependent variable consist of 4 factors of task tracing, 2 factors of arithmetics & 4 factors of choice-reaction task. Statistical treatment for this variables was done Mean±SD, 2 way ANOVA(GLM) & canonical correlation between independent and dependent. ATE(arithmetic test error ratio) and TET(total elapsed time) in arithmetic test was shown significant difference according to delayed bottom tune, and was significantly influenced in information processing capacity and response time. TTE(task tracing error ratio) in task tracing capacity test was shown significant difference according to delayed bottom time and depth level, but was not significantly influenced in SRT(simple reaction time), RMT(reaction-mirror drawing time) & TMD. SS(successful score ratio) & CRT(choice reaction time) in choice-reaction task were shown significant difference according to both delayed bottom time and depth, but was not significantly influenced in TTT(total time touching target) & MT(movement tune). The factors in influencing to Performance Capability in Underwater Work Situation was classified SS(successful score %), ATE(arithmetic test error), MT(movement time) & TTT(total time touching target) in correlation analysis between independent and dependent variables.

Key Words

bottom time, arithmetic test, task tracing capacity, underwater work

백진호BackJin-Ho , 전명규JunMyung-Kyu , 이순호LeeSoon-Ho , 문영진MoonYoung-Jin

DOI:

Abstract

Key Words

start technique, DLT method, reaction times, stroke rate

윤정환YoonJung-Hwan

DOI:

Abstract

I have studied this research in relation to understanding of the nature of skill and acquisition of good remarks by analyzing the rotation angle of trunk factors in Morisue skill, a hight skill approved as E degree of difficulty in the parallel bars, I with a view to fulfilling this purpose, have registered into the video tape with two Parasonic D-5100 cameras in a velocity of 60 fps the records of six times trials respectively from the two eligible persons enough to digest Morisue movement among the present national representative gymnasts. And I have attempted the three-dimentional analysis by using Body Segment Parameters of Plagenhoef(1983) and KWON 3D 21. I have tried smoothing in 6Hz in usage of 2nd-Order Butterworth Low Pass Filtering method in order to diminish an error of data. The Conclusions were made as follows: It is desirable to extend the angle of body in a release for increasing slaying time of COG and decreasing rotation angle of turning in the air, for which time of a release has to be late. It is better for having a wide rotating angle and a narrow incidence angle in the air. And the narrower the rotating angle of body becomes, the nearer the body in grasping parallel bars becomes to the right angle, by which it is probably for low remarks and in danger of injury.

Key Words

morisue skill, rotation angle of trunk factors

정남주ChungNam-Ju

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study. was to analyze the helicopter throw motion and patterns in bowling and present its correct method according to its characteristics. For this purpose, the throw motion of helicopter bending among national athletes and representative reservist athletes was videotaped with the camcorder and analyzed. To make a more accurate analysis of motion, the reflection marker was attached to the joint of the upper limbs and the DLT technique was used on the 3-dimensional coordinate. As a result, the following conclusion was drawn: The time required in the follow throw section in the helicopter throw motion was found to be Shorter than that of the down-swing section. The required time of the downswing section was characterized by being longer than that of the hook ball throw motion The height of the center of the human body showed the tendency to become lower from the Event 1 in which the left leg was easy to the Event 3 in which it was released but showed the tendency to become higher at the end of follow throw than at the point of projection. This was because the ball was projected from the max. lowest place to maintain the close relationship to the lane when projecting the ball. The forward leaning angle of the upper body in the helicopter throw motion was shown to be smaller at the start position but as the throw motion progressed the upper body bent forward and stand upright when somewhat releasing the ball and bent forward again after the hall left the hand and released. The phenomenon of the trunk standing upright at the point of release was found to be because the upper body exerted an compensatory action on the weight of the ball when projecting the ball. At the time of the helicopter throw motion it was found that the angle of the shoulder joint was large to control inward rotation and the ball on the lane and the upper arm was released at the forward position than at the vertical position and the elbow angel released at the somewhat bent state.

Key Words

helicopter throw motion, down-swing

강상조KangSang-Jo

DOI:

Abstract

When tests are belated into different language and culture, the measurement equivalence of the adapted instrument should be assessed, because the original and translated instruments may not be equivalent. The most of researdi in sport psychology has examined a white, college-and, and male individuals. As a result, conclusions from the research may not be applicable to all individuals of the other race, Many studies investigating the difference between ethnic groups have been done without examining differential item functioning (DIF) of the scale/lest used in the studies. DIF refers to unequal probabilities of a correct response to a test item by examinees from two groins, formed according to some demographic variable, such as gender or ethnicity, when controlled for their ability differences. The present study was to examine culture-related DIF for the translated instrument by applying administered to a total of 1,130 high school students from Seoul metropolitan area in Koea and Urbana-Champaign area in USA. It contained 19 items which have 6 response categories, raring from representing "always" to 1 representing "never". Graded response model were used to examine whether a polytomous IRT model fit the data Unidimensionality assumption was examined by principal component factor analysis. Five DIF detection methods, such Likelihood ratio test, Lord’s chi-square, and Raju’s two area measures as IRT method and MH procedure as non-IRT method were used to test DIF of the BIAQ items between Cultural groups. Five methods identified 6 to 13 items with significant DIF, Raju's UA test detected the most items with significant DIF, followed by Rasch method Lord’s chi-square MH, and Raju's SA. Two items ("I fest for a day or longer” and I get dressed up or made up") among the total items with significant DIF over culture were identified as having significant DIF across more than four methods. IRT and MH-based DIF analyses demonstrated to be an useful procedure in evaluating the measurement equivalence of instruments over the different cultures. Suggestions for future research are provided.

Key Words

diferential item functioning

강상조KangSang-Jo , 박재현ParkJae-Hyeon , 김혜진KimHea-Jin

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine influences of estimated body density equations on the results of relative body fat. For this purpose, we used an computer analysis method called Monte Card computer simulation and 65 body density equations were collected. Among these equations, we used only 45 equations which are reported SEE and one of the data(subject C) which bad full profile which takes 29 region anthropometry measurement. For the raw data, Monte Carol computer simulation procedure attends to create 46,000 pseudo data by using 100 random variables which repeated 10 times from 45 equations. Random sampling is performed 10 times from these data which were categorized according to gender, age, race, professional-sports experience, and caliper. The result has it that the range of Relative body fat from different equations on a single person was about 16%-37%. In conclusion, the most influential variable was age, the second was gender, the third was ethnic and the next was caliper. But this study figure out that the experience of athlete has no influence on these equations. For the following studies using Montecarol computer simulation, we suggest the data for the analysis include extended peculation of data

Key Words

estimated relative

김목수KimMok-Soo

DOI:

Abstract

The primary purpose of this study was to provide criterion-referenced standards for the evaluation of university’s track and field class. The subject of the study is focused on 376 freshmen and juniors of physical education major who took the course and the tests are limited to 6 items: high jump, long jump, 100m, shot-put, discus-throwing, javelin-throwing. The track and field records of the subjects before taking the 14-week course(true non-musters) and after taking that course(true musters) were used for this study. Descriptive analyses and a subordinated t-test were used to compare the records of the subjects. These standards were used to calculate the standard score to differentiate each items of track and field. Criterion-referenced standards are set up on the basis of Berk's criterion group model(1976, 1986). The optimal standard scores were produced by calculating probability of correct decision, misclassification error, validity coefficient, expected disutility, expected utility, expected maximum utility and so on The criterion standards for the absolute evaluation of university track and field courses are as follows; 151 cm on high jump, 530 cm on long jump 12.7seconds on 100m, 10.5m on shot-put, 20m on discus-throwing, 30m on javelin-throwing.

Key Words

criterion-referenced, standards, evaluation

박재현ParkJae-Hyeon

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to introduce on factorial invariance of multi-group testing by structural equation modeling. Further, the second purpose involved assessing the construct validity and invariance of the two factor first-order model to the Decisional Balance for Exercise Scale(DBES) in a college student sample of men and women. For comparing the invariance of the factor structures in the DBES of multiple samples, a systematic way involves the testing of a series of hierarchical hypotheses by Joreskog and Sorbam(1989). To conduct this analysis, a preliminary test erf invariance across male and female groups in terms of their covariance structures(i.e.,∑₁=∑₂) was analyzed. The hypothesis of equal covariance structures for DBES male sample and the DBES female sample was rejected. The, the analysis proceeded to test the hypotheses of invariance to find parameters responsible for the different covariance structures. It was failed to reject the hypotheses of invariance factor patterns(Ho.2) at the significance level of 5%. The hypothesis of Factor variance invariance between samples(Ho.3) was rejected at the significance level of 1%, indicating the difference in covariance structures between two samples can be mainly explained by factor variance of pros and cons factor. In sum, this analysis indicates that the refined DBES does measure the same underlying concept of both sauries.

Key Words

factorial invariance of DBES

이미숙LeeMi-Sook

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Abstract

The purposes of this study were to select useful items represented daily living-related functional fitness, and to assess physical function using Korean elderly people. One hundred forty five Korean elderly people 65 to 85 to years, mean age = 71.2, SD = 4.7 yrs) volunteered for this study. Each participants signed an informed consent and completed a written questionnaire requesting information about their health, functional status, and physical activity level. The functional fitness items represent body composition (waist hip ratio and body mass index), aerobic endurance (6-min and walk and 12-min walk), lower body flexibility (chair sit and reach), upper body flexibility (back scrach), upper body strength (arm curl), lower body strength (30-s chair stand), static balance (balancing on one leg with eyes open), and motor agility (dynamic agility course), dynamic balance (8-ft up and go). The results of physical characteristics and functional fitness tests are expressed as mean values standard deviations. The main idea of this analysis is to reduce the dimensionality of a data set, which consists of a large number of interrelated variables, while retaining as much as possible the variation present in the data set, The first principal component was used as the best single descriptor of total daily living-related physical function tasks. Age and each 12 functional fitness tasks representing activity of daily living had to demonstrate a significant correlation with age. In order to reduce the age and 12 items to a single score, the correlation matrix for the 12 items including age was subjected to principal component analysis. The first principal component scores were computed for each subject. Because the scores generated by the principal component analysis were expressed in dimensionless units, it was considered desirable to convent these scores to units of total functional fitness score. The measurement and assessment method for functional fitness items selecting in this study was considered useful index in assessing physical health for successful aging in the Korean elderly.

Key Words

elderly, successful aging, functional fitness

최옥진ChoiOk-Jin , 이정우LeeJung-Woo

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Abstract

Key Words

Regression to the mean

전준석JunJoon-Seok , 박영일Parkyoung-Il , 신동수ShinDong-Soo

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Abstract

The purpose of the study was to analyze actual conditions and problems of korean special schools, and to offer basic data to improve physical education of special schools. The subjects of the study were the middle school course's physical educator of a hundred nineteen special schools in Korea, and after analyzed the conclusions were as follows; The consequences analyzed job satisfaction factors of special physical educator according to background factors were showed that statistically there was significant difference about sex, age, and major. The consequences analyzed job satisfaction factors of special physical educator according to the actual conditions for special physical education were showed that statistically there was significant difference about all factors.

Key Words

special physical education teacher, job-satisfaction special school

홍명엽HongMyeng-Yeb , 어경철EhKyung-Chel , 장성동ChangSeung-Dong , 최진관ChoiJin-Gwan , 김주혁KimJu-Hyeok , 이윤관LeeYun-Gwan , 김영준KimYoung-Jun

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Abstract

The purpose of to study is to analyze the change of body composition physical fitness, and pulmonary function after practicing dance sports of 60 minutes a day in 2 times a week during 12 weeks based on schizophrenia patients (male:5, female:6) who are in 30-60 aged hospitalized in the lunatic hospital. The results of the above study are as follows; % Fat is found to have a significant decrease in the male and female groups after dance sports exercise, Back strength and whole body reaction time are found to have a significant increase in the male group, and then trunk flexion and whole body reaction time are also found to have a significant increase in the female group. Forced vital capacity(FVC) is found to have a significant increase in the female group, and then the rate d forced vital capacity(%FVC) is found to have a significant increase(p<.05) in the male and female groups. But forced expiratory volume of per one second(FEV₁ ) is found to have a significant change in the male and female groups. Therefore, the results of physical test after practicing dance sports show a significant increase, and then dance sports are found to increase and keep the physical fitness, and then some when dance sports are practiced to mental patients who have been hospitalized in the lunatic hospital for a long time, it is recognized that physical fitness gives a significant increase to the above patients.

Key Words

schizophrenia patients

김미숙KimMi-Sook , 양점홍YangJum-Hong

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Abstract

The study was designed to examine and find out the effect of Swiss ball and scoliosis correction exercises on dealing with adolescent (high school male students) scoliosis. Fifty-four subjects were selected from those suspicious of lateral scoliosis at 4。-10。among the 1st grade (n=117) in N high school male students, B metropolitan city. All subjects were categorized into two groups, which were Swiss ball exercise group (n=26) and scoliosis correction exercise group (n=28). The SAS Window V.8e was used to analyze data. Difference in periods and groups was analyzed with two-way repeated ANOVA, while difference in correction rate of two groups was identified by using χ² test. Back strength, sit and reach and closed-eye foot balance had no significant difference in two groups pre and post exercise. The comparison of pre and post exercise showed no significant difference in two groups and group×period, but had a slight increase (p< .001, p< .001, p< .01) in each period. Straight walking test also had no statistically significance in two groups pre exercise, post exercise, however, Swiss ball exercise group was found to be less significant (p< .05) than correction exercise group. The comparison of pre and post exercise showed no significant difference in two groups and group×period, but had a slight rise (p< .001) in periods. The result of χ² test showed no significance(χ²₁=0.6435, p > .05) in spinal correction rate of two groups. The present study indicated that both correction exercise and Swiss ball exercise can have positive effete on adolescent scoliosis in terms of preventive treatment.

Key Words

scoliosis, idiopathic, swiss ball, correction exercise therapy

이청무LeeChung-Mu , 오기숙OhKi-Suk , 김민정KimMin-Jeong

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Abstract

The purpose of the study is to provide data which world help to guide teenager’s, development through examining their self-physical recognition and self-esteem about their body. In order to analyze teenagers‘ recognition of body image and self-esteem a total number of 172 middle and high school male students have done survey and used One-Way ANOVA and cross tabulation. In brief, 1. depending on the grades, variable body type for the middle school students, desire is 179.67±65.16㎝, desire weight is 58.52±7.92㎏ and for the high school students, desire is 179.93±4.24㎝ and desire is 68.50±7.03㎏. If one calculates the by desire BMI, it comes out as 19.27±3.00kg/㎡for the middle school students, and 21.12±1.67kg/㎡for the high school students. It showed significantly different(p<.001). 2. Among 'Research about the most problematic part', there was not significant difference on the most problematic part and height statistically, but for the desire height, there was mindful difference such as 170~779cm (44%) for the middle school students and 180~188cm (31.2%) far the high school students χ²=84.679, p<.001. 3. There was mindful difference for the ways of diet χ²=18.449 p<.005 among middle and high school male students statistically. 4 Among 'Research about work-out’, for the most adviser on work-out and health life for middle school students, parents got the highest percentage but for the high school students, TV got the highest percentage. There was significantly different the favorite shorts between middle and high school students, Soccer(24%) got the highest percentage among the middle school students but on the other hand, basketball(16.2%) got the highest percentage among the high school students. 5, There was difference on desire hours of phys-ed class χ²=16.758, p<.005.1 believe it is because high school students got higher pressure on studying than those middle school students. 6. In conclusion, after analyzing cross tabulation middle and high school male students' self-esteem, after analyzing the result of positive and negative questions, it showed difference on positive attitude towards oneself, if one is valuable as much as the others good temper, "there's nothing to be proud of", self-satisfaction teamwork statically. However, there was not much difference on "if oneself is useless" a failure and self-dissatisfaction.

Key Words

self-physical, self-esteem, self-satisfaction, self-dissatisfaction